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Association is not the same as Causation

  Image source:  https://www.megapixl.com/causation-and-correlation-illustration-37881989 This post is my reaction after coming across the two terms "association" and "causation" while reading a paper on High Cost of Not Educating Girls. "In virtually all cases, estimates of the potential impacts of low educational attainment for girls – or equivalently of gains associated with higher educational attainment as captured by secondary education, are large. As documented in more detailed in the study, most gains are associated with secondary as opposed to primary education. It should again be emphasized that what is measured is associations, not necessarily causal impacts." ( HighCostOfNotEducatingGirls, WorldBank as seen on Sep 12, 2020)  Since I don't have a research background and didn't have to do any kind of research in my undergrad study, I wasn't familiar to these terms. And I wasn't getting what that statement was trying to say. And th...